狼吞虎咽什么意思
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(Redirected from Wikipedia:IPA for Italian) | This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Italian on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Italian in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ? ?, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. |
The charts below show how the International Phonetic Alphabet represents pronunciations of Standard Italian in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
See Italian phonology and Italian orthography for a more thorough look at the sounds of standard Italian.
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See also
[edit]- Category:Pages with Italian IPA (6,497)
Notes
[edit]- ^ Except /z/, all consonants after a vowel and before /r/, /l/, a vowel or a semivowel may be geminated. Gemination in IPA is represented by doubling the consonant (fatto [?fatto], mezzo [?m?ddzo]), and can usually be told from orthography. After stressed vowels and certain prepositions and conjunctions, word-initial consonants also become geminated (syntactic gemination): va via [?va v?vi?a].
- ^ a b ?z? represents both /ts/ and /dz/. The article on Italian orthography explains how they are used.
- ^ a b c d e /ts, dz, ?, ?, ?/ are always geminated after a vowel.
- ^ a b ?gli? represents /?/ or /?i/, except in roots of Greek origin, when preceded by another consonant, and in a few other words, where it represents /ɡli/.
- ^ a b c d e A nasal always assimilates to the place of articulation of the following consonant. It is bilabial [m] before /p, b, m/, labiodental [?] before /f, v/, dental, alveolar or postalveolar [n] before /t, d, ts, dz, t?, d?, ?, l, r/, and velar [?] before /k, ɡ/. Utterance-finally, it is always [n].
- ^ Non-geminate /r/ is generally realised as a monovibrant trill or flap [?], particularly in unstressed syllables.
- ^ a b /s/ and /z/ contrast only intervocalically. Word-initially, after consonants, when geminated, and before voiceless consonants, only [s] is found. Before voiced consonants, only [z] is found.
- ^ /h/ is usually dropped.
- ^ /θ/ is usually pronounced as [t] in English loanwords, and [dz], [ts] (if spelled ?z?) or [s] (if spelled ?c? or ?z?) in Spanish ones.
- ^ In Spanish loanwords, /x/ is usually pronounced as [h] or [k] or dropped. In German, Arabic and Russian ones, it is usually pronounced [k].
- ^ Italian contrasts seven monophthongs in stressed syllables. Open-mid vowels /?, ?/ can appear only if the syllable is stressed (coperto [ko?p?rto], quota [?kw??ta]), close-mid vowels /e, o/ are found elsewhere (Boccaccio [bok?katt?o], amore [a?mo?re]). Close and open vowels /i, u, a/ are unchanged in unstressed syllables, but word-final unstressed /i/ may become approximant [j] before vowels, which is known as synalepha (pari età [?parj e?ta]).
- ^ Open-mid [?] or close-mid [?] if it is stressed but usually [?] if it is unstressed. May be replaced by [?] (stressed) or [e] (stressed or unstressed).
- ^ /y/ is often pronounced as [u] or [ju].
- ^ Since Italian does not distinguish full and reduced vowels (like the English o in conclusion vs o in nomination), a defined secondary stress, even in long words, is extremely rare.
- ^ Primarily stressed vowels are long in non-final open syllables: fato [?fa?to], fatto [?fatto].
Further reading
[edit]- Bertinetto, Pier Marco; Loporcaro, Michele (2005). "The sound pattern of Standard Italian, as compared with the varieties spoken in Florence, Milan and Rome" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 35 (2): 131–151. doi:10.1017/S0025100305002148.
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004). "Italian" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 34 (1): 117–121. doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628.
External links
[edit]- Dizionario italiano multimediale e multilingue d'ortografia e di pronunzia (in Italian) [not based on IPA]
- Dizionario di pronuncia italiana online by Luciano Canepari (in Italian) [phonemic, based on IPA]